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Procedures of betting in poker

This article is about the common terms, rules, and procedures of betting in poker only. For 🌞 the strategic impact of betting, see poker strategy

In the game of poker, the play largely centers on the act of 🌞 betting, and as such, a protocol has been developed to speed up play, lessen confusion, and increase security while playing. 🌞 Different games are played using different types of bets, and small variations in etiquette exist between cardrooms, but for the 🌞 most part the following rules and protocol are observed by the majority of poker players.

Procedure [ edit ]

Players in a 🌞 poker game act in turn, in clockwise rotation (acting out of turn can negatively affect other players). When it is 🌞 a player's turn to act, the first verbal declaration or action they take binds them to their choice of action; 🌞 this rule prevents a player from changing their action after seeing how other players react to their initial action.[1]

Until the 🌞 first bet is made each player in turn may "check", which is to not place a bet, or "open", which 🌞 is to make the first bet. After the first bet each player may "fold", which is to drop out of 🌞 the hand losing any bets they have already made; "call", which is to match the highest bet so far made; 🌞 or "raise", which is to increase the previous high bet.[1]

A player may fold by surrendering one's cards. (Some games may 🌞 have specific rules regarding how to fold: for example in stud poker one must turn one's upcards face down.) A 🌞 player may check by tapping the table or making any similar motion. All other bets are made by placing chips 🌞 in front of the player, but not directly into the pot ("splashing the pot" prevents other players from verifying the 🌞 bet amount).[1]

Order of betting [ edit ]

Play proceeds to the left of the dealer

In general, the person to the left 🌞 of the dealer acts first and action proceeds in a clockwise fashion. If any player has folded earlier, action proceeds 🌞 to next player. In games with blinds, the first round of betting begins with the player to the left of 🌞 the blinds. In stud games, the action begins with the player showing the strongest cards and proceeds clockwise. If there 🌞 is a bring-in, the first round of betting begins with the player obliged to post the bring-in.

Check [ edit ]

If 🌞 no one has yet opened the betting round, a player may pass or check, which is equivalent to betting zero 🌞 and/or to call the current bet of zero. When checking, a player declines to make a bet; this indicates that 🌞 they do not wish to open, but do wish to keep their cards and retain the right to call or 🌞 raise later in the same round if an opponent opens. In games played with blinds, players may not check on 🌞 the opening round because the blinds are live bets and must be called or raised to remain in the hand. 🌞 A player who has posted the big blind has the right to raise on the first round, called the option, 🌞 if no other player has raised; if they decline to raise they are said to check their option. If all 🌞 players check, the betting round is over with no additional money placed in the pot (often called a free round 🌞 or free card). A common way to signify checking is to tap the table, either with a fist, knuckles, an 🌞 open hand or the index finger(s).

Open, bet, raise [ edit ]

If in any betting round it is a player's turn 🌞 to act and the action is unopened, then the player can open action in a betting round by making a 🌞 bet—the act of making the first voluntary bet in a betting round is called opening the round. On the first 🌞 betting round, it is also called opening the pot, though in variants where blind bets are common, the blind bets 🌞 "open" the first betting round and other players call and/or raise the "big blind" bet. Some poker variations have special 🌞 rules about opening a round that may not apply to other bets. For example, a game may have a betting 🌞 structure that specifies different allowable amounts for opening than for other bets, or may require a player to hold certain 🌞 cards (such as "Jacks or better") to open.

The pot of chips is normally kept in the center of the table

Normally, 🌞 a player makes a bet by placing the chips they wish to wager into the pot. Under normal circumstances, all 🌞 other players still in the pot must either call the full amount of the bet or raise if they wish 🌞 to remain in, the only exceptions being when a player does not have sufficient stake remaining to call the full 🌞 amount of the bet (in which case they may either call with their remaining stake to go "all-in" or fold) 🌞 or when the player is already all-in.

To raise is to increase the size of an existing bet in the same 🌞 betting round. A player making the second (not counting the open) or subsequent raise of a betting round is said 🌞 to re-raise. A player making a raise after previously checking in the same betting round is said to check-raise. The 🌞 sum of the opening bet and all raises is the amount that all players in the hand must call in 🌞 order to remain eligible to win the pot, subject to the table stakes rules described in the previous paragraph.

A bluff 🌞 is when a player bets or raises when it is likely they do not have the best hand; it is 🌞 often done in hopes that (an) opponent(s) will fold mediocre yet stronger hands. When a player bets or raises with 🌞 a weak hand that has a chance of improvement on a later betting round, the bet or raise is classified 🌞 as a semi-bluff. On the other hand, a bet made by a player who hopes or expects to be called 🌞 by weaker hands is classified as a value bet.[2]

In no-limit and pot-limit games, there is a minimum amount that is 🌞 required to be bet in order to open the action. In games with blinds, this amount is usually the amount 🌞 of the big blind. Modern poker rules require that raises must be at least equal to the amount of the 🌞 previous bet or raise. For example, if an opponent betsR$5, a player must raise by at least anotherR$5, and they 🌞 may not raise by onlyR$2. If a player raises a bet ofR$5 byR$7 (for a total ofR$12), the next re-raise 🌞 would have to be by at least anotherR$7 (the previous raise) more than theR$12 (for a total of at leastR$19). 🌞 The primary purpose of the minimum raise rule is to avoid game delays caused by "nuisance" raises (small raises of 🌞 large bets, such as an extraR$1 over a current bet ofR$50, that have little effect on the action but take 🌞 time as all others must call). This rule is overridden by table stakes rules, so that a player may in 🌞 fact raise aR$5 bet byR$2 if thatR$2 is their entire remaining stake. The only exception is if someone goes all 🌞 in for less than a legal raise. For example, if the minimum bet isR$5 and a player goes all in 🌞 forR$4, the next player can call theR$4; if they want to raise, they would have to make itR$9 ($4 plus 🌞 the minimum bet).

In no-limit and pot-limit games, if a player opens action in a betting round by placing any number 🌞 of chips in the pot without a verbal declaration, or if they place two or more chips in the pot 🌞 of sufficient value to raise an outstanding bet or raise without a verbal declaration, then the full amount placed in 🌞 the pot will be assumed to be the amount of the bet or raise. Sometimes, a player will not have 🌞 enough chips in smaller denominations that would be needed to make a bet or raise in the desired amount—for example, 🌞 a player may be out ofR$1 andR$5 chips and still haveR$25 chips—if the pot is currentlyR$70 and the player wants 🌞 to open action by betting half the pot, they will want to betR$35. In such cases, instead of slowing down 🌞 the game by asking the dealer or another player to provide "change" a player may simply verbally declare the amount 🌞 they are betting while placing (a) chip(s) of sufficient value to make good on the bet. Any "change" will be 🌞 returned to them by the dealer if necessary.

Also in no-limit and pot-limit games, a raise may be expressed as either 🌞 a raise byR$X or a raise toR$X. For example, suppose Alice opens by bettingR$5. If Dianne subsequently announces "I raise 🌞 byR$15" she will be raising byR$15 over and above the opening bet ofR$5, for a total bet ofR$20. On the 🌞 other hand, if Dianne subsequently announces "I raise toR$15" she will be raising by onlyR$10 for a total bet ofR$15. 🌞 Today, most public cardrooms prefer for players to use the raise to standard as opposed to the raise by standard. 🌞 In the event of any ambiguity in a player's verbal action while raising, the player will normally be bound to 🌞 raise to the stated amount. For example, if Alice were to have opened with aR$5 bet and Dianne subsequently announced 🌞 "raise,R$15" while puttingR$15 into pot (making the potR$20), in most public cardrooms Dianne would be bound to a total bet 🌞 ofR$15 and the "excess"R$5 would be returned to her.

In fixed-limit games, the size of bets and raises is determined by 🌞 the specified stakes. For example, inR$3/$6 fixed limit Hold 'em, during the first two betting rounds (preflop and flop) the 🌞 big blind isR$3, the opening bet after the flop must be forR$3 and all raises must be forR$3. For the 🌞 last two betting rounds (turn and river) the opening bet must be forR$6 and all raises must be forR$6. As 🌞 in no-limit and pot-limit games, these amounts will be over-ridden by table stakes rules (so for example, inR$3/$6 fixed limit 🌞 Hold 'em a player could bet, raise or call for onlyR$2 at any time if that is their remaining stake).

Also, 🌞 in fixed-limit and spread-limit games most casinos cap the total number of raises allowed in a single betting round (typically 🌞 three or four, not including the opening bet of a round). For example, in a casino with a three-raise rule, 🌞 if one player opens the betting forR$5, the next raises byR$5 making itR$10, a third player raises anotherR$5, and a 🌞 fourth player raisesR$5 again making the current betR$20, the betting is said to be capped at that point, and no 🌞 further raises beyond theR$20 level will be allowed on that round. It is common to suspend this rule when there 🌞 are only two players betting in the round (called being heads-up), since either player can call the last raise if 🌞 they wish. Pot-limit and no-limit games do not have a limit on the number of raises.

If, because of opening or 🌞 raising, there is an amount bet that the player in-turn has not paid, the player must at least match that 🌞 amount, or must fold; the player cannot pass or call a lesser amount (except where table stakes rules apply).

Call [ 🌞 edit ]

To call is to match a bet or match a raise. A betting round ends when all active players 🌞 have bet an equal amount. If no opponents call a player's bet or raise, the player wins the pot.

The second 🌞 and subsequent calls of a particular bet amount are sometimes called overcalls. This term is also sometimes used to describe 🌞 a call made by a player who has put money in the pot for this round already. A player calling 🌞 a raise before they have invested money in the pot in that round is cold calling. For example, if in 🌞 a betting round, Alice bets, Dianne raises, and Carol calls, Carol "calls two bets cold". A player calling instead of 🌞 raising with a strong hand is smooth calling or flat calling, a form of slow play.

Calling in the final betting 🌞 round when a player thinks they do not have the best hand is called a crying call. Calling when a 🌞 player has a relatively weak hand but suspects their opponent may be bluffing is called a hero call. Calling a 🌞 bet prior to the final betting round with the intention of bluffing on a later betting round is called a 🌞 float.

In public cardrooms, placing a single chip in the pot of any value sufficient to call an outstanding bet or 🌞 raise without a verbal action declaring otherwise always constitutes a call. If necessary, any "change" from the chip will be 🌞 returned to the player at the end of the betting round, or perhaps even sooner if this can conveniently be 🌞 done. If, when it is a player's turn to act, the player already has an oversized chip in the pot 🌞 that has not yet been "changed" and that is of sufficient value to call an outstanding bet or raise, then 🌞 the player may call by tapping the table as if checking.

In public cardrooms and casinos where verbal declarations are binding, 🌞 the word "call" is such a declaration. In public card rooms, the practice of saying "I call, and raiseR$100" is 🌞 considered a string raise and is not allowed. Saying "I call" commits the player to the action of calling, and 🌞 only calling.

Note that the verb "see" can often be used instead of "call": "Dianne saw Carol's bet", although the latter 🌞 can also be used with the bettor as the object: "I'll see you" means 'I will call your bet'. However, 🌞 terms such as "overseeing" and "cold seeing" are not valid.

Fold [ edit ]

To fold is to discard one's hand and 🌞 forfeit interest in the current pot. No further bets are required by the folding player, but the player cannot win. 🌞 Folding may be indicated verbally or by discarding one's hand face down into the pile of other discards called the 🌞 muck, or into the pot (uncommon). For this reason it is also called mucking. In stud poker played in the 🌞 United States, it is customary to signal folding by turning all of one's cards face down. Once a person indicates 🌞 a fold or states I fold, that person cannot re-enter the hand. In casinos in the United Kingdom, a player 🌞 folds by giving their hand as is to the "house" dealer, who spreads the cards face up for the other 🌞 players to see before mucking them.

Etiquette [ edit ]

Action and betting [ edit ]

When participating in the hand, a player 🌞 is expected to keep track of the betting action. Losing track of the amount needed to call, called the bet 🌞 to the player, happens occasionally, but multiple occurrences of this slow the game down and so it is discouraged. The 🌞 dealer may be given the responsibility of tracking the current bet amount, from which each player has only to subtract 🌞 their contribution, if any, thus far.

To aid players in tracking bets, and to ensure all players have bet the correct 🌞 amount, players stack the amount they have bet in the current round in front of them. When the betting round 🌞 is over (a common phrase is "the pot's good"), the players will push their stacks into the pot or the 🌞 dealer will gather them into the pot. Tossing chips directly into the pot (known as splashing the pot), though popular 🌞 in film and television depictions of the game, causes confusion over the amount of a raise and can be used 🌞 to hide the true amount of a bet. Likewise, string raises, or the act of raising by first placing chips 🌞 to call and then adding chips to raise, causes confusion over the amount bet. Both actions are generally prohibited at 🌞 casinos and discouraged at least in other cash games.

Acting out of turn [ edit ]

Most actions (calls, raises or folds) 🌞 occurring out-of-turn—when players to the right of the player acting have not yet made decisions as to their own action—are 🌞 considered improper, for several reasons. First, since actions by a player give information to other players, acting out of turn 🌞 gives the person in turn information that they normally would not have, to the detriment of players who have already 🌞 acted.

For instance, say that with three players in a hand, Player A has a weak hand but decides to try 🌞 a bluff with a large opening bet. Player C then folds out of turn while Player B is making up 🌞 their mind. Player B now knows that if they fold, A will take the pot, and also knows that they 🌞 cannot be re-raised if they call. This may encourage Player B, if they have a good "drawing hand" (a hand 🌞 currently worth nothing but with a good chance to improve substantially in subsequent rounds), to call the bet, to the 🌞 disadvantage of Player A.

Second, calling or raising out of turn, in addition to the information it provides, assumes all players 🌞 who would act before the out of turn player would not exceed the amount of the out-of-turn bet. This may 🌞 not be the case, and would result in the player having to bet twice to cover preceding raises, which would 🌞 cause confusion.

Cards [ edit ]

Players work to minimize the visibility of their hand to others by only turning up part 🌞 of their cards

A player is never required to expose their concealed cards when folding or if all others have folded; 🌞 this is only required at the showdown.

Many casinos and public cardrooms using a house dealer require players to protect their 🌞 hands. This is done either by holding the cards or, if they are on the table, by placing a chip 🌞 or other object on top. Unprotected hands in such situations are generally considered folded and are mucked by the dealer 🌞 when action reaches the player. This can spark heated controversy, and is rarely done in private games.

The style of game 🌞 generally determines whether players should hold face-down cards in their hands or leave them on the table. Holding "hole" cards 🌞 allows players to view them more quickly and thus speeds up gameplay, but spectators watching over a player's shoulder can 🌞 communicate the strength of that hand to other players, even unintentionally. Unwary players can hold their hand such that a 🌞 "rubbernecker" in an adjacent seat can sneak a peek at the cards. Lastly, given the correct light and angles, players 🌞 wearing glasses can inadvertently show their opponents their hole cards through the reflection in their glasses. Thus for most poker 🌞 variants involving a combination of faceup and facedown cards (most variants of stud and community are dealt in this manner), 🌞 the standard method is to keep hole cards face-down on the table except when it is that player's turn to 🌞 act. Five-card draw is generally played with hands held by the players at all times.

Cash and chips [ edit ]

Chips 🌞 are available in many denominations

Making change out of the pot is allowed in most games; to avoid confusion, the player 🌞 should announce their intentions first. Then, if opening or cold calling, the player may exchange a large chip for its 🌞 full equivalent value out of the pot before placing their bet, or if over-calling may place the chip (announcing that 🌞 they are calling or raising a lesser amount) and remove the change from their own bet for the round. Normally, 🌞 if a player places one oversized chip in the pot without explicitly voicing intention while facing a bet, the action 🌞 is automatically deemed a call whether or not the chip is large enough to otherwise qualify as a raise. In 🌞 most casinos players are prohibited from handling chips once they are placed in the pot, although a player removing their 🌞 own previous bet in the current round from the pot for the purpose of calling a raise (or re-raising) is 🌞 usually tolerated. Otherwise, the dealer is expected to make change when required.

Making change should, in general, be done between hands 🌞 whenever possible, when a player sees they are running low of an oft-used value. The house dealer at most casinos 🌞 maintains a chip bank and can usually make change for a large amount of chips. In informal games, players can 🌞 make change with each other or with unused chips in the set. While this can prevent delays while players figure 🌞 out change for a bet, casinos generally frown on or outright prohibit such practices to prevent players from surreptitiously "ratholing" 🌞 (taking away and securing part of the stakes for personal use) and/or circumventing buy-in limits. Similarly, buying in for an 🌞 additional amount must be done between hands (or, at least, done after a player has folded during the current hand) 🌞 since players are not allowed to add to their stack during a hand. If buy-ins cannot and/or are not expected 🌞 to be handled by the dealer it can take two or three hands for an attendant to bring another tray 🌞 to the table. As described below, some casinos alleviate this issue by allowing cash to be deemed temporarily "in play" 🌞 while staff fetches chips. Players who wish to always play with at least the buy-in limit will often carry additional 🌞 chips in their pocket so that whenever they lose a pot they can quickly "top up" without inconveniencing the dealer 🌞 or delaying the game.

While having players buy chips directly from the dealer is seen as a convenience by some players, 🌞 and can help deter players from exceeding buy-in limits, many players dislike this system because it slows down the game, 🌞 especially if the dealer is expected to count large numbers of small denominations of chips. Also, many jurisdictions require all 🌞 such purchases (or, at least, all larger transactions) to be confirmed (primarily to ensure accuracy) by a supervisor or other 🌞 staff member, potentially causing further delay. To speed up play (and, by extension, increase the number of hands dealt and 🌞 rake earned by the casino), many casinos require players to buy chips from a cashier - to assist players, some 🌞 establishments employ chip runners to bring cash and chips to and from the tables. Many casinos have a dedicated cashier 🌞 station located in or very near the poker room, although in some (usually, smaller venues) the same cashier station that 🌞 handles other transactions will also handle poker-related purchases. In addition, if the casino uses the same chips for poker as 🌞 for other games then it is often possible to bring chips from such games to the poker table.

Touching another player's 🌞 chips without permission is a serious breach of protocol and can result in the player being barred from the casino.

Most 🌞 tournaments and many cash games require that larger denomination chips be stacked in front (i.e., closer to the center of 🌞 the table, or closer to the pot) of the player's lesser denomination chips, or at least stacked in such a 🌞 manner that they can be easily seen by all opponents. This rule is employed to discourage attempts to conceal stack 🌞 size. Some casinos discourage, prohibit or simply refrain from circulating larger chip denominations to prevent them from being used in 🌞 lower-stakes cash games, although the drawback is that larger stacks won during play will become more difficult to handle and 🌞 manage as a result.

Some informal games allow a bet to be made by placing the amount of cash on the 🌞 table without converting it to chips, as this speeds up play. However, table stakes rules strictly prohibit this from being 🌞 done while a hand is in progress. Other drawbacks to using cash include the ease with which cash can be 🌞 "ratholed", which is normally disallowed, in addition to the security risk of leaving cash on the table. As a result, 🌞 many games and virtually all casinos require a formal "buy-in" when a player wishes to increase their stake, or at 🌞 least require any cash placed on the table to be converted into chips as quickly as possible.

Players in home games 🌞 typically have both cash and chips available; thus, if money for expenses other than bets is needed, such as food, 🌞 drinks and fresh decks of cards, many players typically pay out of pocket. Some players (especially professionals) loathe removing any 🌞 part of their stack from play for any reason, especially once their stacks exceed the initial buy-in limit. In casinos 🌞 and public cardrooms, however, the use of cash is occasionally restricted or discouraged, so players often establish a small cache 🌞 of chips called the "kitty", used to pay for such things. Players contribute a chip of lowest value towards the 🌞 kitty when they win a pot, and it pays for expenses other than bets such as tipping the dealer as 🌞 well as (where applicable) to pay for "rent" (formally known as time fees) and/or buying fresh decks of cards (while 🌞 many public cardrooms include such costs in the "rake" or other fees, some charge separately for such things as playing 🌞 cards and "rent"), and similar costs.

At a casino, dealers who exchange cash for chips are expected to immediately secure any 🌞 cash by placing it into a locked box near their station. This means that regardless of how chips are purchased, 🌞 when cashing them in it is typically not possible to sell them back to the dealer since they have no 🌞 access to any cash. Poker chips must therefore be taken to the cashier to be exchanged for cash. Dealers who 🌞 handle buy-ins will often be willing (and sometimes encourage) departing players to "color up" their stacks by exchanging them for 🌞 the highest-available denominations, both for the convenience of the player and to minimize the number of times casino staff must 🌞 deliver fresh chips to the poker table - a time-consuming process. On the other hand, casinos that expect players to 🌞 buy chips from the cashier will usually furnish players with chip trays (typically designed to handle 100 chips each) to 🌞 ease the handling of large numbers of chips.

Chips given by players or otherwise retained by the dealer for tips, rake 🌞 and other fees (where applicable) are usually placed in separate locked boxes by the dealer, although in some casinos the 🌞 rake is kept in a separate row in the dealer's tray.

Other rules [ edit ]

Public cardrooms often have additional rules 🌞 designed to speed up play, earn revenue for the casino (such as the "rake"), improve security and discourage cheating.

Forced bets 🌞 [ edit ]

All poker games require some forced bets to create an initial stake for the players to contest, as 🌞 well as an initial cost of being dealt each hand for one or more players. The requirements for forced bets 🌞 and the betting limits of the game (see below) are collectively called the game's betting structure.

Ante [ edit ]

An ante 🌞 is a forced bet in which all players put an equal amount of money or chips into the pot before 🌞 the deal begins. Often this is either a single unit (a one-value or the smallest value in play) or some 🌞 other small amount; a proportion such as a half or a quarter of the minimum bet is also common. An 🌞 ante paid by every player ensures that a player who folds every round will lose money (though slowly), thus providing 🌞 all players with an incentive, however small, to play the hand rather than toss it in when the opening bet 🌞 reaches them.

Antes are the most common forced bet in draw poker and stud poker but are uncommon in games featuring 🌞 blind bets (see next section). However, some tournament formats of games featuring blinds impose an ante to discourage extremely tight 🌞 play. Antes encourage players to play more loosely by lowering the cost of staying in the hand (calling) relative to 🌞 the current pot size, offering better pot odds. With antes, more players stay in the hand, which increases pot size 🌞 and makes for more interesting play. This is considered important to ensure good ratings for televised tournament finals. Most televised 🌞 high-stakes cash games also use both blinds and antes. Televised cash games usually have one of the players, normally the 🌞 dealer, pay for everyone to accelerate play. If there are six players for example, the dealer would toss six times 🌞 the ante into the pot, paying for each person. Tournaments which employ antes, often do so only in the later 🌞 rounds.[3]

In live cash games where the acting dealer changes each turn, it is not uncommon for the players to agree 🌞 that the dealer (or some other position relative to the button) provides the ante for each player. This simplifies betting, 🌞 but causes minor inequities if other players come and go or miss their turn to deal. During such times, the 🌞 player can be given a special button indicating the need to pay an ante to the pot (known as "posting"; 🌞 see below) upon their return. Some cardrooms eliminate these inequities by always dealing all players into every hand whether they 🌞 are present or not. In such cases casino staff (or neighboring players under staff supervision) will be expected to post 🌞 antes and fold hands on behalf of absent players as necessary.

Blinds [ edit ]

A standard Texas hold 'em game with 🌞 blinds

A blind bet or just blind is a forced bet placed into the pot by one or more players before 🌞 the deal begins, in a way that simulates bets made during play. The most common use of blinds as a 🌞 betting structure calls for two blinds: the player after the dealer blinds about half of what would be a normal 🌞 bet, and the next player blinds what would be a whole bet. This two-blind structure, sometimes with antes, is the 🌞 dominating structure of play for community card poker games such as Texas hold 'em. Sometimes only one blind is used 🌞 (often informally as a "price of winning" the previous hand), and sometimes three are used (this is sometimes seen in 🌞 Omaha hold 'em). In the case of three blinds (usually one quarter, one quarter, and half a normal bet amount), 🌞 the first blind goes "on the button", that is, is paid by the dealer.

A blind is usually a "live bet"; 🌞 the amount paid as the blind is considered when figuring the bet to that player (the amount needed to call) 🌞 during the first round. However, some situations, such as when a player was absent from the table during a hand 🌞 in which they should have paid a blind, call for placing a "dead blind"; the blind does not count as 🌞 a bet.

For example, in aR$2–4 limit game, the first player to the dealer's left (who, if not for the blinds, 🌞 would be the first to act) posts a small blind ofR$1, and the next player in turn posts a big 🌞 blind ofR$2. After the cards are dealt, play begins with the next player in turn (third from the dealer), who 🌞 must either callR$2, raise, or fold. When the betting returns to the player who blindedR$1, they must equal the bet 🌞 facing them (toward which they may count theirR$1), raise, or fold. If there have been no raises when action first 🌞 gets to the big blind (that is, the bet amount facing them is just the amount of the big blind 🌞 they posted), the big blind has the ability to raise or check. This right to raise (called the option) occurs 🌞 only once. As with any raise, if their raise is now called by every player, the first betting round closes 🌞 as usual.

Similarly to a missed ante, a missed blind due to the player's temporary absence (e.g. for drinks or a 🌞 restroom break) can be denoted by use of a special button. Upon the player's return, they must pay the applicable 🌞 blind to the pot for the next hand they will participate in. The need for this rule is eliminated in 🌞 casinos that deal in absent players as described above. Also the rule is for temporary absences only; if a player 🌞 leaves the table permanently, special rules govern the assigning of blinds and button (see next subsection).

In some fixed-limit and spread-limit 🌞 games, especially if three blinds are used, the big blind amount may be less than the normal betting minimum. Players 🌞 acting after a sub-minimum blind have the right to call the blind as it is, even though it is less 🌞 than the amount they would be required to bet, or they may raise the amount needed to bring the current 🌞 bet up to the normal minimum, called completing the bet. For example, a limit game with aR$5 minimum bet on 🌞 the first round might have blinds ofR$1 andR$2. Players acting after the blind may either call theR$2, or raise toR$5. 🌞 After the bet is raised toR$5, the next raise must be toR$10 in accordance with the normal limits.

When a player 🌞 in the blinds leaves the game [ edit ]

When one or more players pays the small or big blinds for 🌞 a hand, then after that hand permanently leaves the game (by "busting out" in a tournament or simply calling it 🌞 a night at a public cardroom), an adjustment is required in the positioning of the blinds and the button. There 🌞 are three common rule sets to determine this:

Simplified : The dealer button moves to the next active player on the 🌞 left, and the small and big blinds are paid by the first and second players remaining to the left. This 🌞 is the easiest to track and always rotates the button, but results in "missed blinds". For instance, a player "under 🌞 the gun" when the player in the big blind busts out ends up paying the small blind; they have "missed" 🌞 the big blind they would have paid had the leaving player remained in the game. Similarly, a player in the 🌞 small blind who busts out means the player in the big blind gets the button, missing the small blind. In 🌞 the special case of three players in a tournament being reduced to the two-player showdown, any leftover blinds from other 🌞 rules are "written off" and the Simplified method is used, with the player "on the button" paying the small blind.

: 🌞 The dealer button moves to the next active player on the left, and the small and big blinds are paid 🌞 by the first and second players remaining to the left. This is the easiest to track and always rotates the 🌞 button, but results in "missed blinds". For instance, a player "under the gun" when the player in the big blind 🌞 busts out ends up paying the small blind; they have "missed" the big blind they would have paid had the 🌞 leaving player remained in the game. Similarly, a player in the small blind who busts out means the player in 🌞 the big blind gets the button, missing the small blind. Moving button : As in Simplified, the button moves to 🌞 the left to the next active player, and the blinds move to the next two active players. However, any "missed 🌞 blinds" are paid by the player whom they skipped as if they were due for the upcoming hand, with one 🌞 blind paid per player, per hand, biggest blind first. Any blind a player misses on a given hand because a 🌞 bigger blind was due will be paid by the player in the following hand. This is the most complex ruleset 🌞 to implement, especially if multiple players leave, but it is the fairest method overall in terms of paying all due 🌞 blinds and rotating last action.

: As in Simplified, the button moves to the left to the next active player, and 🌞 the blinds move to the next two active players. However, any "missed blinds" are paid by the player whom they 🌞 skipped as if they were due for the upcoming hand, with one blind paid per player, per hand, biggest blind 🌞 first. Any blind a player misses on a given hand because a bigger blind was due will be paid by 🌞 the player in the following hand. This is the most complex ruleset to implement, especially if multiple players leave, but 🌞 it is the fairest method overall in terms of paying all due blinds and rotating last action. Dead button: Spots 🌞 vacated by leaving players who would pay the small blind or get the button during the next hand remain open 🌞 for the purposes of shifting blinds and button. Thus, the small blind may not be paid in the subsequent hand 🌞 if the player due to pay the small blind has vacated the spot and, therefore, is considered "dead". However, there 🌞 is always a big blind even if the spot is vacated by the player who is due to pay the 🌞 big blind; in such case, the player seated to the left of the vacated spot pays the big blind. When 🌞 the dealer button moves to an empty seat, it also is considered "dead", and the last active player before the 🌞 empty seat retains the "privilege of last action" by default. While simple in tournament formats and the most equitable in 🌞 terms of paying blinds as due and when normally expected, it can result in inequitable strategic situations regarding last action, 🌞 and becomes harder to track if the table is "open" (players can come and go) as in a casino.

In tournaments, 🌞 the dead button and moving button rules are common (replacement players are generally not a part of tournaments). Online cash 🌞 games generally use the simplified moving button as other methods are more difficult to codify and can be abused by 🌞 players constantly entering and leaving.

Casino card rooms where players can come and go can use any of the three rulesets, 🌞 though moving button is most common. When a player immediately takes the place of a player who leaves, the player 🌞 may have the option to either pay the blinds in the leaving player's stead, in which case play continues as 🌞 if the player never left, or to "sit out" until the button has moved past them, and thus the chair 🌞 is effectively empty for purposes of the blinds. Many card rooms do not allow new players to sit out as 🌞 it is highly advantageous for the new player, both to watch one or more hands without obligation to play, and 🌞 to enter the game in a very "late" position (on their first hand they see all other player's actions except 🌞 the dealer's). For these reasons, new players must often post a "live" big blind to enter regardless of their position 🌞 at the table.

When there are only two players [ edit ]

The normal rules for positioning the blinds do not apply 🌞 when there are only two players at the table. The player on the button is always due the small blind, 🌞 and the other player must pay the big blind. The player on the button is therefore the first to act 🌞 before the flop, but last to act for all remaining betting rounds.

A special rule is also applied for placement of 🌞 the button whenever the size of the table shrinks to two players. If three or more players are involved in 🌞 a hand, and at the conclusion of the hand one or more players have busted out such that only two 🌞 players remain for the next hand, the position of the button may need to be adjusted to begin heads-up play. 🌞 The big blind always continues moving, and then the button is positioned accordingly.

For example, in a three-handed game, Alice is 🌞 the button, Dianne is the small blind, and Carol is the big blind. If Alice busts out, the next hand 🌞 Dianne will be the big blind, and the button will skip past Dianne and move to Carol. On the other 🌞 hand, if Carol busts out, Alice will be the big blind, Dianne will get the button and will have to 🌞 pay the small blind for the second hand in a row.

Kill blind [ edit ]

A kill blind is a special 🌞 blind bet made by a player who triggers the kill in a kill game (see below). It is often twice 🌞 the amount of the big blind or minimum bet (known as a full kill), but can be 1.5 times the 🌞 big blind (a half-kill) or any other amount according to house rules. This blind is "live"; the player posting it 🌞 normally acts last in the opening round (after the other blinds, regardless of relative position at the table), and other 🌞 players must call the amount of the kill blind to play. As any player can trigger a kill, there is 🌞 the possibility that the player must post a kill blind when they are already due to pay one of the 🌞 other blinds. Rules vary on how this is handled.

A bring-in is a type of forced bet that occurs after the 🌞 cards are initially dealt, but before any other action. One player, usually chosen by the value of cards dealt face 🌞 up on the initial deal, is forced to open the betting by some small amount, after which players act after 🌞 them in normal rotation. Because of this random first action, bring-ins are usually used in games with an ante instead 🌞 of structured blind bets.

The bring-in is normally assigned on the first betting round of a stud poker game to the 🌞 player whose upcards indicate the poorest hand. For example, in traditional high hand stud games and high-low split games, the 🌞 player showing the lowest card pays the bring-in. In low hand games, the player with the highest card showing pays 🌞 the bring-in. The high card by suit order can be used to break ties, but more often the person closest 🌞 to the dealer in order of rotation pays the bring-in.

In most fixed-limit and some spread-limit games, the bring-in amount is 🌞 less than the normal betting minimum (often half of this minimum). The player forced to pay the bring-in may choose 🌞 either to pay only what is required (in which case it functions similarly to a small blind) or to make 🌞 a normal bet. Players acting after a sub-minimum bring-in have the right to call the bring-in as it is, even 🌞 though it is less than the amount they would be required to bet, or they may raise the amount needed 🌞 to bring the current bet up to the normal minimum, called completing the bet. For example, a game with aR$5 🌞 fixed bet on the first round might have a bring-in ofR$2. Players acting after the bring-in can either call theR$2, 🌞 or increase it toR$5, which would count as a normal bet, not a raise. After the bet is completed toR$5, 🌞 the first raise must be toR$10 in accordance with the normal limits.

In a game where the bring-in is equal to 🌞 the fixed bet (this is rare and not recommended), the game must either allow the bring-in player to optionally come 🌞 in for a raise, or else the bring-in must be treated as live in the same way as a blind, 🌞 so that the player is guaranteed their right to raise on the first betting round (the "option") if all other 🌞 players call.

Post [ edit ]

Some cash games, especially with blinds, require a new player to post when joining a game 🌞 already in progress. Posting in this context means putting an amount equal to the big blind or the minimum bet 🌞 into the pot before the deal. This amount is also called a "dead blind". The post is a "live" bet, 🌞 meaning that the amount can be applied towards a call or raise when it is the player's turn to act. 🌞 If the player is not facing a raise when the action gets to them, they may also "check their option" 🌞 as if they were in the big blind.

A player who is away from their seat and misses one or more 🌞 blinds is also required to post to reenter the game. In this case, the amount to be posted is the 🌞 amount of the big or small blind, or both, at the time the player missed them. If both must be 🌞 posted immediately upon return, the big blind amount is "live", but the small blind amount is "dead", meaning that it 🌞 cannot be considered in determining a call or raise amount by that player. Some house rules allow posting one blind 🌞 per hand, largest first, meaning all posts of missed blinds are live.

Posting is usually not required if the player who 🌞 would otherwise post happens to be in the big blind. This is because the advantage that would otherwise be gained 🌞 by missing the blind, that of playing several hands before having to pay blinds, is not the case in this 🌞 situation. It is therefore common for a new player to lock up a seat and then wait several hands before 🌞 joining a table, or for a returning player to sit out several hands until the big blind comes back around, 🌞 so that they may enter in the big blind and avoid paying the post. For this same reason, only one 🌞 set of missed blinds can be accumulated by the player; old missed blinds are removed when the big blind returns 🌞 to that player's seat because the player was never in any position to gain from missing the blinds.

In online poker 🌞 it is common for the post to be equal in size to a big blind and to be live, just 🌞 like the big blind. This can create a tactical advantage for the player if they choose not to play during 🌞 the time they would otherwise spend in the blind in full ring games.

Straddle and sleeper bets [ edit ]

A straddle 🌞 bet is an optional and voluntary blind bet made by a player after the posting of the small and big 🌞 blinds, but before cards are dealt. Straddles are typically used only in cash games played with fixed blind structures. Some 🌞 jurisdictions and casinos prohibit live straddles. Straddles are normally not permitted in tournament formats and are rarely allowed online.

The purpose 🌞 of a straddle is to "buy" the privilege of last action, which on the first round with blinds is normally 🌞 the player in the big blind. A straddle or sleeper blind may count as a raise towards the maximum number 🌞 of raises allowed, or it may count separately; in the latter case this raises the maximum total bet of the 🌞 first round. For example, straddling is permitted in Nevada and Atlantic City but illegal in other areas on account of 🌞 differences in state and local laws.[citation needed]

Live straddle [ edit ]

The player immediately to the left of the big blind 🌞 ("under the gun", UTG) may place a live straddle blind bet. The straddle must be the size of a normal 🌞 raise over the big blind. A straddle is a live bet; but does not become a "bigger blind". The straddle 🌞 acts as a minimum raise but with the difference being that the straddler still gets their option of acting when 🌞 the action returns to them. In a no-limit game if any other player wants to make a raise with a 🌞 straddle on board, the minimum raise will be the difference between the big blind and the straddle.

Example: small blind is 🌞 at 5, big blind is 10 then a straddle would cost 20. The minimum raise would be 10, for a 🌞 total of 30; it doesn't need to double to 40.

Action begins with the player to the left of the straddle. 🌞 If action returns to the straddle without a raise, the straddle has the option to raise. (This is part of 🌞 what makes a straddle different from a sleeper because a sleeper does not have the option to raise if everyone 🌞 folds or calls around to him.) Some casinos permit the player to the left of a live straddle to re-straddle 🌞 by placing a blind bet raising the original straddle.[4] Most public cardrooms do not permit more than one re-straddle. Depending 🌞 on house rules, each re-straddle is often required to be double the previous straddle, so as to limit the number 🌞 of feasible re-straddles.

Straddling is considered poor long-term strategy by most experts, since the benefit of obtaining last action is more 🌞 than offset by the cost of making a blind raise. Because straddling has a tendency to enrich the average pot 🌞 size without a corresponding increase in the blinds (and antes if applicable), players who sit at tables that allow straddling 🌞 can increase their profits considerably simply by choosing not to straddle themselves.

Mandatory straddles [ edit ]

Straddling is voluntary at most 🌞 cardrooms that allow it, however house rules can make straddling obligatory at times by using a special token (called "the 🌞 rock") at the table. Whoever is in possession of the "rock" is obliged to place a live straddle for double 🌞 the big blind when they are in the UTG position. The winner of the ensuing pot takes possession of the 🌞 "rock" and is obliged to make a live straddle when the UTG position comes around to this player. If the 🌞 pot is split the "rock" goes to the winner closest to the left (i.e. clockwise) of the previous holder. This 🌞 is very similar in principle to the "kill blind" of a kill game, but does not necessarily occur in the 🌞 same circumstances, and the betting amounts do not have to be affected beyond the first round as in a kill 🌞 game.

Mississippi straddle [ edit ]

A Mississippi straddle is similar to a live straddle, but instead of being made by the 🌞 player "under the gun", it can be made by any player, depending on house rules (one common variation is to 🌞 allow this left of big blind or on the button). House rules permitting Mississippi straddles are common in the southern 🌞 United States. Like a live straddle, a Mississippi straddle must be at least the minimum raise. Action begins with the 🌞 player to the left of the straddle (in a common variation, action starts left of the big blind, skips over 🌞 the straddle who is last). If, for example (in a game withR$10–25 blinds), the button puts a liveR$50 on it, 🌞 the first player to act would be the small blind, followed by the big blind, and so on. If action 🌞 gets back to the straddle the straddle has the option of raising. The player to the left of a Mississippi 🌞 straddle may re-straddle by placing a blind bet raising the original straddle.[5]

Sleepers [ edit ]

A sleeper is a blind raise, 🌞 made from a position other than the player "under the gun". A Mississippi straddle is a sleeper raise given this 🌞 definition, but Mississippi straddles can be disallowed or restricted while sleepers are allowed at any position. A sleeper bet is 🌞 not given the option to raise if other players call, and the player is not buying last action; thus the 🌞 sleeper bet simply establishes a higher minimum to call for the table during the opening round and allows the player 🌞 to ignore their turn as long as no one re-raises the sleeper bet.

Sleepers are often considered illegal out-of-turn play and 🌞 are commonly disallowed, but they can speed up a game slightly as a player who posts a sleeper can focus 🌞 their attention on other matters such as ordering a drink or buying a tray of chips. It can also be 🌞 an intimidation tactic as a sleeper raise makes it unfeasible to "limp in" (a situation where a player with a 🌞 mediocre starting hand but acting late only has to call the minimum to see more cards), thus forcing weaker but 🌞 improvable starting hands out of the play.

Examples [ edit ]

A game of no-limit poker with blinds ofR$1/$2. Alice is in 🌞 the small blind, Dianne is in the big blind, Carol is next to act, followed by Joane, with Ellen on 🌞 the button.

Straddle: Alice postsR$1, Dianne postsR$2, Carol posts a straddle ofR$4. The hole cards are dealt. Because of the straddle, 🌞 Joane is now first to act; she folds. Ellen calls the straddle. Alice folds. Dianne, the big blind, calls the 🌞 straddle by putting an additionalR$2 in the pot. Carol has the option of checking or raising; she makes a raise 🌞 ofR$8. Ellen folds. Dianne calls the raise, ending betting on this round.

Mississippi straddle: Alice postsR$1, Dianne postsR$2, Ellen, on the 🌞 button, posts a Mississippi straddle ofR$4. Because of the straddle, Alice, the small blind, is now first to act; she 🌞 folds. Dianne calls the straddle by putting an additionalR$2 in the pot. Carol folds. Joane calls the straddle. Ellen has 🌞 the option of checking or raising; she checks, ending betting on this round.

Sleeper: Alice postsR$1, Dianne postsR$2, and Joane posts 🌞 a sleeper blind ofR$4. The hole cards are dealt. Carol acts first as last action remains with the big blind, 🌞 but the bet to her isR$4. She calls. There is no additional bet to Joane and she has no option, 🌞 so play passes over her to Ellen. She calls theR$4 as well. Alice folds. Dianne, in the big blind, no 🌞 longer has the option either; she must either callR$2, raise, or fold. She raises byR$4 (total bet is nowR$8). Carol 🌞 re-raises toR$12. The bet is nowR$8 to Joane, who must now call, raise or fold; she calls, as do Ellen 🌞 and Dianne, ending the betting round.

Limits [ edit ]

Betting limits apply to the amount a player may open or raise, 🌞 and come in four common forms: no limit, pot limit (the two collectively called big bet poker), fixed limit, and 🌞 spread limit.

All such games have a minimum bet as well as the stated maximums, and also commonly a betting unit, 🌞 which is the smallest denomination in which bets can be made. For example, it is common for games withR$20 andR$40 🌞 betting limits to have a minimum betting unit ofR$5, so that all bets must be in multiples ofR$5, to simplify 🌞 game play. It is also common for some games to have a bring-in that is less than the minimum for 🌞 other bets. In this case, players may either call the bring-in, or raise to the full amount of a normal 🌞 bet, called completing the bet.

Fixed limit [ edit ]

In a game played with a fixed-limit betting structure, a player chooses 🌞 only whether to bet or not—the amount is fixed by rule in most situations. To enable the possibility of bluffing 🌞 and protection, the fixed amount generally doubles at some point in the game. This double wager amount is referred to 🌞 as a big bet.

For example, a four-round game called "20 and 40 limit" (usually written asR$20/$40) may specify that each 🌞 bet in the first two rounds isR$20, and that each big bet used in the third and fourth rounds isR$40. 🌞 This amount applies to each raise, not the total amount bet in a round, so a player may betR$20, be 🌞 raisedR$20, and then re-raise anotherR$20, for a total bet ofR$60, in such a game.

Some limit games have rules for specific 🌞 situations allowing a player to choose between a small or big bet. For example, in seven-card stud high, when a 🌞 player has a face-up pair on the second round (4th street), players may choose a small or big bet (e.g.R$20 🌞 orR$40 in a 20–40 game).

Maximum number of raises [ edit ]

Most fixed-limit games will not allow more than a predefined 🌞 number of raises in a betting round. The maximum number of raises depends on the casino house rules, and is 🌞 usually posted conspicuously in the card room. Typically, an initial bet plus either three or four raises are allowed.

Consider this 🌞 example in aR$20/$40 game, with a posted limit of a bet and three raises. During aR$20 round with three players, 🌞 play could proceed as follows:

Player A betsR$20.

Player B puts in another bet, raises anotherR$20, making itR$40 to play.

Player C puts 🌞 in a third bet, raising anotherR$20 on that, thus making itR$60 to play.

Player A puts in the fourth bet (they 🌞 are usually said to cap the betting).

Once Player A has made their final bet, Players B and C may only 🌞 call another two and one bets (respectively); they may not raise again because the betting is capped.

A common exception in 🌞 this rule practiced in some card rooms is to allow unlimited raising when a pot is played heads up (when 🌞 only two players are in the hand at the start of the betting round). Usually, this has occurred because all 🌞 other players have folded, and only two remain, although it is also practiced when only two players get dealt in. 🌞 Many card rooms will permit these two players to continue re-raising each other until one player is all in.

Kill game 🌞 [ edit ]

Sometimes a fixed-limit game is played as a kill game. In such a game, a kill hand is 🌞 triggered when a player wins a pot over a certain predetermined amount, or when the player wins a certain number 🌞 of consecutive hands. The player triggering the kill must post a kill blind, generally either 1.5 times (a half kill) 🌞 or double (a full kill) the amount of the big blind. In addition, the betting limits for the kill hand 🌞 are multiplied by 1.5 or doubled, respectively.

The term kill, when used in this context, should not be confused with killing 🌞 a hand, which is a term used for a hand that was made a dead hand by action of a 🌞 game official.

Spread limit [ edit ]

A game played with a spread-limit betting structure allows a player to raise any amount 🌞 within a specified range. For example, a game called "one to five limit" allows each bet to be anywhere fromR$1 🌞 toR$5 (subject to other betting rules). These limits are typically larger in later rounds of multi-round games. For example, a 🌞 game might be "one to five, ten on the end", meaning that early betting rounds allow bets ofR$1 toR$5, and 🌞 the last betting round allows bets ofR$1 toR$10. Playing spread-limit requires some care to avoid giving easy tells with one's 🌞 choice of bets. Beginners frequently give themselves away by betting high with strong hands and low with weak ones, for 🌞 instance. It is also harder to force other players out with big bets.

There is a variation of this known as 🌞 "California Spread," where the range is much higher, such as 3-100 or 10–1000. California Spread, as the name implies, is 🌞 played in California, Colorado, and Minnesota, where local laws forbid no limit.

Half-pot limit [ edit ]

In a half-pot limit game, 🌞 no player can raise more than the half of the size of the total pot. Half-pot limit games are often 🌞 played at non-high-low games including Badugi in South Korea.

Pot limit [ edit ]

TABLE 1 Action Pot sizeR$20 from first roundR$20 🌞 Starting Pot Player A betsR$5R$20 Starting potR$ 5 Player A's bet

———

$25 New pot total Player B declares "Pot"R$20 Starting pot

$ 🌞 5 Player A's bet

$ 5 Player B's call*

———

$30 Pot

$30 Player B's raise*

———

$60 New pot total (*these amounts totalR$35, Player B's 🌞 pot raise) Player C callsR$20 Starting pot

$ 5 Player A's bet

$35 Player B's pot raise

$35 Player C's call

———

$95 New pot 🌞 total Player D declares "Pot"R$20 Starting pot

$ 5 Player A's bet

$35 Player B's pot bet

$35 Player C's call

$35 Player D's 🌞 call*

———

$130 Pot

$130 Player D's raise*

———

$260 New pot total (*these amounts totalR$165

Player D's pot raise) Players A folds;

Players B and C 🌞 callR$20 Starting pot

$ 5 Player A's bet

$ 35 Player B's pot bet

$ 35 Player C's call

$165 Player D's pot raise

$ 🌞 0 Player A folds

$130 Player B's call

$130 Player C's call

———

$520 New pot total

In a pot-limit game no player can raise 🌞 more than the size of the total pot, which includes:

Chips collected from previous betting rounds (Starting pot) Previous action in 🌞 the current betting round (Trail) A call from the player making the raise

This does not preclude a player from raising 🌞 less than the maximum so long as the amount of the raise is equal to or greater than any previous 🌞 bet or raise in the same betting round.

Making a maximum raise is referred to as "raising the pot", or "potting", 🌞 and can be announced by the acting player by declaring "Raise pot", or simply "Pot".

If there isR$20 in the pot 🌞 at the start of a betting round in aR$2/$5 pot limit game, and Player A betsR$5, player B may "raise 🌞 the pot" and wagerR$35 creating a new pot total ofR$60. This is derived from theR$20 previous round action, Player A'sR$5 🌞 bet, Player B'sR$5 call, and player B'sR$30 Pot Raise ($20+$5+$5+$30=$60). Bear in mind, however, thatR$60 is the new pot, player 🌞 B's "Pot" declaration will cost themR$35. (These actions, with additional follow-up wagering, are laid out in Table '1' on the 🌞 right.)

Only pot limit games allow the dealer, on request, to inform the players of the pot size and the amount 🌞 of a pot raise before it's made. The dealer is also required to push any amount over the maximum raise 🌞 back to the offending player. Keeping track of those numbers can be harrowing if the action becomes heated, but there 🌞 are simple calculations that allow a dealer or player to keep track of the maximum raise amount. Here is an 🌞 example:

(3L+T)+S=M where: L=last wager T=trail(action prior to previous bet) S=starting pot(previous round action) and M=maximum bet

Going to player D's actions 🌞 in TABLE 1 on the right:

The last wager made was made by Player C ($35), so L=$35 The trail is 🌞 the total of Player A+Player B ($5+$35), so T=$40 The starting pot isR$20, so S=$20 The value of M(maximum bet) 🌞 isR$165 (35*3)+40+20=$165

After some practice, it is not difficult to keep up with the action at the table.

There may be some 🌞 variance between cash and tournament play in pot limit betting structures, which should be noted:

At some cash tables, it may 🌞 not be a requirement that the dealer immediately return the extra amount of an overbet. If the over bet is 🌞 not contested by a player before any additional action, the wager stands. If the overbet is contested, the dealer must 🌞 know the overage amount, and return it to the offending player. This is something to find out before sitting at 🌞 the table.

be a requirement that the dealer immediately return the extra amount of an overbet. If the over bet is 🌞 not contested by a player before any additional action, the wager stands. If the overbet is contested, the dealer must 🌞 know the overage amount, and return it to the offending player. This is something to find out before sitting at 🌞 the table. Tournaments use a "True Pot" method of calculations, where the first round maximum raise to the first acting 🌞 player is seven times the small blind. The blinds in a cash game, however, may not be a half and 🌞 full bet (e.g.R$2/$5) making the calculations run awry. In these cases a modification known as "Assumed Call" is used. Using 🌞 an assumed call, the maximum raise to the first acting player in the first round is four times the big 🌞 blind. Simply enough, the pot is treated as if the small blind had called, even if that player folded, to 🌞 keep the pot's math more manageable.

Because the calculations can be confusing, especially as tournament blind levels increase, major tournaments will 🌞 include the amount of the small blind, big blind, minimum raise and maximum raise with the printed blind schedule and/or 🌞 display them on the tournament timer.

There can be some confusion about the small blind. Some (usually home) games treat the 🌞 small blind as dead money that is pulled into the center pot. In aR$10/$25 pot limit game, the small blind 🌞 putsR$10 into the pot before the cards are dealt. Using the dead money reasoning, the small blind would put anotherR$25 🌞 into the pot to call the big blind, for a total ofR$35. The big blind might then check forR$25, which 🌞 would enable that player to win out of proportion to their wager.

This is not equitable; it's simple enough to consider 🌞 that the small blind has made a half bet and must complete that bet forR$15 to call, or raise, or 🌞 fold forR$10.

No limit [ edit ]

A game played with a no-limit betting structure allows each player to raise the bet 🌞 by any amount up to and including their entire remaining stack at any time (subject to the table stakes rules 🌞 and any other rules about raising).[6] There is generally a minimum opening bet, and raises usually must be at least 🌞 the amount of the previous raise.

Cap limit [ edit ]

Hands in a cap limit or "capped" structure are played exactly 🌞 the same as in regular no limit or pot limit games until a pre-determined maximum per player is reached. Once 🌞 the betting cap is reached, all players left in the hand are considered all-in, and the remaining cards dealt out 🌞 with no more wagering.

For example, in aR$1/$2 NL ($60 cap):

Player A betsR$2. Player B raises toR$10. Player C can then 🌞 raise to a max ofR$60, and players A & B can call theR$60 wager ($58 andR$50 respectively). There would be 🌞 no further wagering, and the winner would collectR$180.

Cap limit games offer a similar action and strategy to no limit and 🌞 pot limit games, but without risking an entire stack on a single hand.

Table stakes rules [ edit ]

All casinos and 🌞 most home games play poker by what are called table stakes rules, which state that each player starts each deal 🌞 with a certain stake, and plays that deal with that stake. A player may not remove money from the table 🌞 or add money from their pocket during the play of a hand. In essence, table stakes rules creates a maximum 🌞 and a minimum buy-in amount for cash game poker as well as rules for adding and removing the stake from 🌞 play. A player also may not take a portion of their money or stake off the table, unless they opt 🌞 to leave the game and remove their entire stake from play. Players are not allowed to hide or misrepresent the 🌞 amount of their stake from other players and must truthfully disclose the amount when asked.

In casino games, an exception is 🌞 customarily made for de minimis amounts such as tips paid out of a player's stack.

Common among inexperienced players is the 🌞 act of "going south" after winning a big pot, which is to take a portion of one's stake out of 🌞 play, often as an attempt to hedge one's risk after a win. This is also known as "ratholing" or "reducing" 🌞 and, while totally permissible in most other casino games, is not permitted in poker. If a player wishes to "hedge" 🌞 after a win, the player must leave the table entirely—to do so immediately after winning a large pot is known 🌞 as a "hit and run" and, although not prohibited, is generally considered in poor taste as the other players have 🌞 no chance to "win some of it back".

In most casinos, once a player picks up their stack and leaves a 🌞 table, they must wait a certain amount of time (usually an hour) before returning to a table with the same 🌞 game and limits unless they buy in for the entire amount they left with. This is to prevent circumvention of 🌞 the rule against "ratholing" by leaving the table after a large win only to immediately buy back in for a 🌞 lesser amount.

Table stakes are the rule in most cash poker games because it allows players with vastly different bankrolls a 🌞 reasonable amount of protection when playing with one another. They are usually set in relation to the blinds. For example, 🌞 in aR$1/2 No Limit cash game, the minimum stake is often set atR$40 while maximum stake is often set atR$200, 🌞 or 20 and 100 big blinds respectively.

This also requires some special rules to handle the case when a player is 🌞 faced with a bet that they cannot call with their available stake.

A player faced with a current bet who wishes 🌞 to call but has insufficient remaining stake (folding does not require special rules) may bet the remainder of their stake 🌞 and declare themselves all-in. They may now hold onto their cards for the remainder of the deal as if they 🌞 had called every bet, but may not win any more money from any player above the amount of their bet. 🌞 In no-limit games, a player may also go all in, that is, betting their entire stack at any point during 🌞 a betting round.

Side pots [ edit ]

A player who goes "all-in" effectively caps the main pot; the player is not 🌞 entitled to win any amount from each player over their total stake. If only one other player is still in 🌞 the hand, the other player simply matches the all-in (retracting any overage if necessary) and the hand is dealt to 🌞 completion. However, if multiple players remain in the game and the bet rises beyond the all-in's stake, the overage goes 🌞 into a side pot. Only the players who have contributed to the side pot have the chance to win it. 🌞 In the case of multiple all-in bets, multiple side pots can be created. Players who choose to fold rather than 🌞 match bets in the side pot are considered to fold with respect to the main pot as well.

For example, with 🌞 three players in a game, Player A, with a large stack, opens the betting round forR$20. Player B only hasR$10. 🌞 They call theR$10, going all-in. Player C hasR$30, and thus can either call the fullR$20, re-raise toR$30, or fold. Player 🌞 C decides to "raise all-in", betting their remaining stake. The bet is nowR$10 to Player A, who calls. Player A 🌞 is the only player at the table with a remaining stake; they may not make any further bets this hand. 🌞 Because Player B can only winR$10 from each of the other two players'R$30 bets, thatR$10 is taken from all players' 🌞 bets and theR$30 total is placed in the main pot. TheR$40 remaining, for which Players A and C are separately 🌞 contesting, goes in a side pot. As no further bets can be made, the hand is now dealt to completion. 🌞 It is found that Player B has the best hand overall, and wins the main pot. Player A has the 🌞 second-best hand, and wins the side pot. Player C loses the hand, and must "re-buy" if they wish to be 🌞 dealt in on subsequent hands.

There is a strategic advantage to being all-in: such a player cannot be bluffed, because they 🌞 are entitled to hold their cards and see the showdown without risking any more money. Opponents who continue to bet 🌞 after a player is all-in can still bluff each other out of the side pot, which is also to the 🌞 all-in player's advantage since players who fold out of the side pot also reduce competition for the main pot. But 🌞 these advantages are offset by the disadvantage that a player cannot win any more money than their stake can cover 🌞 when they have the best hand, nor can an all-in player bluff other players on subsequent betting rounds when they 🌞 do not have the best hand.

Some players may choose to buy into games with a "short stack", a stack of 🌞 chips that is relatively small for the stakes being played, with the intention of going all-in after the flop and 🌞 not having to make any further decisions. However, this is generally a non-optimal strategy in the long term, since the 🌞 player does not maximize their gains on their winning hands.

All-in before the deal [ edit ]

If a player does not 🌞 have sufficient money to cover the ante and blinds due, that player is automatically all-in for the coming hand. Any 🌞 money the player holds must be applied to the ante first, and if the full ante is covered, the remaining 🌞 money is applied towards the blind.

Some cardrooms require players in the big blind position to have at least enough chips 🌞 to cover the small blind (and ante if applicable) in order to be dealt in. In cash games with such 🌞 a rule, any player in the big blind with insufficient chips to cover the small blind will not be dealt 🌞 in unless they re-buy. In tournaments with such a rule, any player in the big blind with insufficient chips to 🌞 cover the small blind will be eliminated with their remaining chips being removed from play.[7]

If a player is all in 🌞 for part of the ante, or the exact amount of the ante, an equal amount of every other player's ante 🌞 is placed in the main pot, with any remaining fraction of the ante and all blinds and further bets in 🌞 the side pot.

If a player is all in for part of a blind, all antes go into the main pot. 🌞 Players to act must call the complete amount of the big blind to call, even if the all-in player has 🌞 posted less than a full big blind. At the end of the betting round, the bets and calls will be 🌞 divided into the main pot and side pot as usual.

For example, Alice is playing at a table with 10 players 🌞 in a tournament with an ante ofR$1 and blinds ofR$4/$8. Alice is due the big blind but she only hasR$8. 🌞 She must pay theR$1 ante and apply the remainingR$7 towards the big blind, and she is all in. Dianne, next 🌞 to act, callsR$8, the full big blind amount. Carol raises toR$16 total. All remaining players fold, the small blind folds, 🌞 and Dianne folds. The amount in the main pot isR$10 (the sum of all antes) plus the fullR$4 small blind 🌞 since Alice had this amount covered, plusR$7 from Alice and every other player who called at least that amount, namely 🌞 Dianne and Carol. The main pot is thereforeR$10 +R$4 + 3 ×R$7 =R$35. The side pot ofR$10 ($1 in excess 🌞 of Alice's all-in bet from Dianne, andR$9 in excess of Alice's all-in bet from Carol) is paid immediately to Carol 🌞 when Dianne folds.

Incomplete bet or raise [ edit ]

If a player goes all-in with a bet or raise rather than 🌞 a call, another special rule comes into play. There are two options in common use: pot-limit and no-limit games usually 🌞 use what is called the full bet rule, while fixed-limit and spread-limit games may use either the full bet rule 🌞 or the half bet rule. The full bet rule states that if the amount of an all-in bet is less 🌞 than the minimum bet, or if the amount of an all-in raise is less than the full amount of the 🌞 previous raise, it does not constitute a "real" raise, and therefore does not reopen the betting action. The half bet 🌞 rule states that if an all-in bet or raise is equal to or larger than half the minimum amount, it 🌞 does constitute a raise and reopens the action.

For example, with the full bet rule in effect, a player opens the 🌞 betting round forR$20, and the next player has a total stake ofR$30. They may raise toR$30, declaring themselves all-in, but 🌞 this does not constitute a "real" raise, in the following sense: if a third player now calls theR$30, and the 🌞 first player's turn to act comes up, they may now call the additionalR$10, but they do not have the right 🌞 to re-raise further. The all-in player's pseudo-raise was really just a call with some extra money, and the third player's 🌞 call was just a call, so the initial opener's bet was simply called by both remaining players, closing the betting 🌞 round (even though they must still equalize the money by putting in the additionalR$10). If the half bet rule were 🌞 being used, then that raise would count as a genuine raise and the first player would be entitled to re-raise 🌞 if they chose to (creating a side pot for the amount of their re-raise and the third player's call, if 🌞 any).

In a game with a half bet rule, a player may complete an incomplete raise, if that player still has 🌞 the right to raise (in other words, if that player has not yet acted in the betting round, or has 🌞 not yet acted since the last full bet or raise). The act of completing a bet or raise reopens the 🌞 betting to other remaining opponents.

For example, four players are in a hand, playing with a limit betting structure and a 🌞 half bet rule. The current betting round isR$20. Alice checks, and Dianne checks. Carol goes all-in forR$5. Joane, still to 🌞 act, has the following options: fold, callR$5, or complete the bet to a total ofR$20. If Joane calls theR$5, Alice 🌞 and Dianne only have the option of calling or folding; neither can raise. But if Joane completes, either of them 🌞 could raise.

Opening all-in hands [ edit ]

When all players in the pot are all-in, or one player is playing alone 🌞 against opponents who are all all-in, no more betting can take place. Some casinos and many major tournaments require that 🌞 all players still involved open, or immediately reveal, their hole cards in this case—the dealer will not continue dealing until 🌞 all hands are flipped up. Likewise, any other cards that would normally be dealt face down, such as the final 🌞 card in seven-card stud, may be dealt face-up. Such action is automatic in online poker. This rule discourages a form 🌞 of tournament collusion called "chip dumping", in which one player deliberately loses their chips to another to give that player 🌞 a greater chance of winning.

Open stakes [ edit ]

The alternative to table stakes rules is called "open stakes", in which 🌞 players are allowed to buy more chips during the hand and even to borrow money (often called "going light"). Open 🌞 stakes are most commonly found in home or private games. In casinos, players are sometimes allowed to buy chips at 🌞 the table during a hand, but are never allowed to borrow money or use IOUs. Other casinos, depending on protocol 🌞 for buying chips, prohibit it as it slows gameplay considerably.

Open stakes is the older form of stakes rules, and before 🌞 "all-in" betting became commonplace, a large bankroll meant an unfair advantage; raising the bet beyond what a player could cover 🌞 in cash gave the player only two options; buy a larger stake (borrowing if necessary) or fold. This is commonly 🌞 seen in period-piece movies such as Westerns, where a player bets personal possessions or even wagers property against another player's 🌞 much larger cash bankroll.

In modern open-stakes rules, a player may go all in as in table stakes if they so 🌞 choose, rather than adding to their stake or borrowing. Because it is a strategic advantage to go all in with 🌞 some hands while being able to add to one's stake with others, such games may strictly enforce a minimum buy-in 🌞 that is several times the maximum bet (or blinds, in the case of a no-limit or pot-limit game). A player 🌞 who goes all in and wins a pot that is less than the minimum buy-in may not then add to 🌞 their stake or borrow money during any future hand until they re-buy an amount sufficient to bring their stake up 🌞 to a full buy-in.

If a player cannot or does not wish to go all-in, they may instead choose to buy 🌞 chips with cash out-of-pocket at any time, even during the play of a hand, and their bets are limited only 🌞 by the specified betting structure of the game.

Finally, a player may also borrow money by betting with an IOU, called 🌞 a "marker", payable to the winner of the pot. To bet with a marker, all players still active in the 🌞 pot must agree to accept the marker. Some clubs and house rules forbid IOUs altogether. If the marker is not 🌞 acceptable, the bettor may bet with cash out-of-pocket or go all-in. A player may also borrow money from a player 🌞 not involved in the pot, giving them a personal marker in exchange for cash or chips, which the players in 🌞 the pot are then compelled to accept. A player may borrow money to call a bet during a hand, and 🌞 later in the same hand go all-in due to further betting; but if a player borrows money to raise, they 🌞 forfeit the right to go all-in later in that same hand—if they are re-raised, they must borrow money to call, 🌞 or fold. A player may also buy more chips or be bought back in by any other player for any 🌞 given amount at any given time.

Just as in table stakes, no player may remove chips or cash from the table 🌞 once they are put in play (except small amounts for refreshments, tips, and such)—this includes all markers, whether one's own 🌞 or those won from other players.

Players may agree before play on the means and time limits of settling markers, and 🌞 a convenient amount below which all markers must be accepted to simplify play.

See also [ edit ]

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