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“True M” versus Harrington’s M and Why Tournament Structure Matters by Arnold Snyder (From Blackjack Forum Vol. XXVI #1, Spring 2007) © Blackjack ⚾️ Forum Online 2007 Critical Flaws in the Theory and Use of “M” in Poker Tournaments In this article, I will address critical ⚾️ flaws in the concept of “M” as a measure of player viability in poker tournaments. I will specifically be addressing ⚾️ the concept of M as put forth by Dan Harrington in Harrington on Hold’em II (HOH II). My book, The ⚾️ Poker Tournament Formula (PTF), has been criticized by some poker writers who contend that my strategies for fast tournaments must ⚾️ be wrong, since they violate strategies based on Harrington’s M. I will show that it is instead Harrington’s theory and advice ⚾️ that are wrong. I will explain in this article exactly where Harrington made his errors, why Harrington’s strategies are incorrect ⚾️ not only for fast tournaments, but for slow blind structures as well, and why poker tournament structure, which Harrington ignores, ⚾️ is the key factor in devising optimal tournament strategies. This article will also address a common error in the thinking of ⚾️ players who are using a combination of PTF and HOH strategies in tournaments. Specifically, some of the players who are ⚾️ using the strategies from my book, and acknowledge that structure is a crucial factor in any poker tournament, tell me ⚾️ they still calculate M at the tables because they believe it provides a “more accurate” assessment of a player’s current ⚾️ chip stack status than the simpler way I propose—gauging your current stack as a multiple of the big blind. But ⚾️ M, in fact, is a less accurate number, and this article will explain why. There is a way to calculate what ⚾️ I call “True M,” that would provide the information that Harrington’s false M is purported to provide, but I do ⚾️ not believe there is any real strategic value in calculating this number, and I will explain the reason for that ⚾️ too. The Basics of Harrington’s M Strategy Harrington uses a zone system to categorize a player’s current chip position. In the “green ⚾️ zone,” a player’s chip stack is very healthy and the player can use a full range of poker skills. As ⚾️ a player’s chip stack diminishes, the player goes through the yellow zone, the orange zone, the red zone, and finally ⚾️ the dead zone. The zones are identified by a simple rating number Harrington calls “M.” What Is “M”? In HOH II, on ⚾️ page 125, Dan Harrington defines M as: “…the ratio of your stack to the current total of blinds and antes.” ⚾️ For example, if your chip stack totals 3000, and the blinds are 100-200 (with no ante), then you find your ⚾️ M by dividing 3000 / 300 = 10. On page 126, Harrington expounds on the meaning of M to a tournament ⚾️ player: “What M tells you is the number of rounds of the table that you can survive before being blinded ⚾️ off, assuming you play no pots in the meantime.” In other words, Harrington describes M as a player’s survival indicator. If ⚾️ your M = 5, then Harrington is saying you will survive for five more rounds of the table (five circuits ⚾️ of the blinds) if you do not play a hand. At a 10-handed table, this would mean you have about ⚾️ 50 hands until you would be blinded off. All of Harrington’s zone strategies are based on this understanding of how ⚾️ to calculate M, and what M means to your current chances of tournament survival. Amateur tournament players tend to tighten up ⚾️ their play as their chip stacks diminish. They tend to become overly protective of their remaining chips. This is due ⚾️ to the natural survival instinct of players. They know that they cannot purchase more chips if they lose their whole ⚾️ stack, so they try to hold on to the precious few chips that are keeping them alive. If they have read ⚾️ a few books on the subject of tournament play, they may also have been influenced by the unfortunate writings of ⚾️ Mason Malmuth and David Sklansky, who for many years have promulgated the misguided theory that the fewer chips you have ⚾️ in a tournament, the more each chip is worth. (This fallacious notion has been addressed in other articles in our ⚾️ online Library, including: Chip Value in Poker Tournaments.) But in HOH II, Harrington explains that as your M diminishes, which is ⚾️ to say as your stack size becomes smaller in relation to the cost of the blinds and antes, “…the blinds ⚾️ are starting to catch you, so you have to loosen your play… you have to start making moves with hands ⚾️ weaker than those a conservative player would elect to play.” I agree with Harrington on this point, and I also ⚾️ concur with his explanation of why looser play is correct as a player’s chip stack gets shorter: “Another way of ⚾️ looking at M is to see it as a measure of just how likely you are to get a better ⚾️ hand in a better situation, with a reasonable amount of money left.” (Italics his.) In other words, Harrington devised his looser ⚾️ pot-entering strategy, which begins when your M falls below 20, and goes through four zones as it continues to shrink, ⚾️ based on the likelihood of your being dealt better cards to make chips with than your present starting hand. For ⚾️ example, with an M of 15 (yellow zone according to Harrington), if a player is dealt an 8-3 offsuit in ⚾️ early position (a pretty awful starting hand by anyone’s definition), Harrington’s yellow zone strategy would have the player fold this ⚾️ hand preflop because of the likelihood that he will be dealt a better hand to play while he still has ⚾️ a reasonable amount of money left. By contrast, if the player is dealt an ace-ten offsuit in early position, Harrington’s yellow ⚾️ zone strategy would advise the player to enter the pot with a raise. This play is not advised in Harrington’s ⚾️ green zone strategy (with an M > 20) because he considers ace-ten offsuit to be too weak of a hand ⚾️ to play from early position, since your bigger chip stack means you will be likely to catch a better pot-entering ⚾️ opportunity if you wait. The desperation of your reduced chip stack in the yellow zone, however, has made it necessary ⚾️ for you to take a risk with this hand because with the number of hands remaining before you will be ⚾️ blinded off, you are unlikely “…to get a better hand in a better situation, with a reasonable amount of money ⚾️ left.” Again, I fully agree with the logic of loosening starting hand requirements as a player’s chip stack gets short. In ⚾️ fact, the strategies in The Poker Tournament Formula are based in part (but not in whole) on the same logic. But ⚾️ despite the similarity of some of the logic behind our strategies, there are big differences between our specific strategies for ⚾️ any specific size of chip stack. For starters, my strategy for entering a pot with what I categorize as a ⚾️ “competitive stack” (a stack size more or less comparable to Harrington’s “green zone”) is far looser and more aggressive than ⚾️ his. And my short-stack strategies are downright maniacal compared to Harrington’s strategies for his yellow, orange, and red zones. There are ⚾️ two major reasons why our strategies are so different, even though we agree on the logic that looser play is ⚾️ required as stacks get shorter. Again, the first is a fundamental difference in our overriding tournament theory, which I will ⚾️ deal with later in this article. The second reason, which I will deal with now, is a serious flaw in ⚾️ Harrington’s method of calculating and interpreting M. Again, what Harrington specifically assumes, as per HOH II, is that: “What M ⚾️ tells you is the number of rounds of the table that you can survive before being blinded off, assuming you ⚾️ play no pots in the meantime.” But that’s simply not correct. The only way M, as defined by Harrington, could indicate ⚾️ the number of rounds a player could survive is by ignoring the tournament structure. Why Tournament Structure Matters in Devising Optimal ⚾️ Strategy Let’s look at some sample poker tournaments to show how structure matters, and how it affects the underlying meaning of ⚾️ M, or “the number of rounds of the table that you can survive before being blinded off, assuming you play ⚾️ no pots in the meantime.” Let’s say the blinds are 50-100, and you have 3000 in chips. What is your ⚾️ M, according to Harrington? M = 3000 / 150 = 20 So, according to the explanation of M provided in HOH II, ⚾️ you could survive 20 more rounds of the table before being blinded off, assuming you play no pots in the ⚾️ meantime. This is not correct, however, because the actual number of rounds you can survive before being blinded off is ⚾️ entirely dependent on the tournament’s blind structure. For example, what if this tournament has 60-minute blind levels? Would you survive 20 ⚾️ rounds with the blinds at 50-100 if you entered no pots? No way. Assuming this is a ten-handed table, you ⚾️ would go through the blinds about once every twenty minutes, which is to say, you would only play three rounds ⚾️ at this 50-100 level. Then the blinds would go up. If we use the blind structure from the WSOP Circuit events ⚾️ recently played at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, after 60 minutes the blinds would go from 50-100 to 100-200, then ⚾️ to 100-200 with a 25 ante 60 minutes after that. What is the actual number of rounds you would survive ⚾️ without entering a pot in this tournament from this point? Assuming you go through the blinds at each level three ⚾️ times, 3 x 150 = 450 3 x 300 = 900 3 x 550 = 1650 Add up the blind costs: 450 + 900 ⚾️ + 1650 = 3000. That’s a total of only 9 rounds. This measure of the true “…number of rounds of the table ⚾️ that you can survive before being blinded off, assuming you play no pots in the meantime,” is crucial in evaluating ⚾️ your likelihood of getting “…a better hand in a better situation, with a reasonable amount of money left,” and it ⚾️ is entirely dependent on this tournament’s blind structure. For the rest of this article, I will refer to this more ⚾️ accurate structure-based measure as “True M.” True M for this real-world tournament would indicate to the player that his survival ⚾️ time was less than half that predicted by Harrington’s miscalculation of M. True M in Fast Poker Tournaments To really drill home ⚾️ the flaw in M—as Harrington defines it—let’s look at a fast tournament structure. Let’s assume the exact same 3000 in ⚾️ chips, and the exact same 50-100 blind level, but with the 20-minute blind levels we find in many small buy-in ⚾️ tourneys. With this blind structure, the blinds will be one level higher each time we go through them. How many ⚾️ rounds of play will our 3000 in chips survive, assuming we play no pots? (Again, I’ll use the Caesars WSOP ⚾️ levels, as above, changing only the blind length.) 150 + 300 + 550 + 1100 (4 rounds) = 1950 The next round ⚾️ the blinds are 300-600 with a 75 ante, so the cost of a ten-handed round is 1650, and we only ⚾️ have 1050 remaining. That means that with this faster tournament structure, our True M at the start of that 50-100 ⚾️ blind level is actually about 4.6, a very far cry from the 20 that Harrington would estimate, and quite far ⚾️ from the 9 rounds we would survive in the 60-minute structure described above. And, in a small buy-in tournament with 15-minute ⚾️ blind levels—and these fast tournaments are very common in poker rooms today—this same 3000 chip position starting at this same ⚾️ blind level would indicate a True M of only 3.9. True M in Slow Poker Tournaments But what if you were playing ⚾️ in theR$10K main event of the WSOP, where the blind levels last 100 minutes? In this tournament, if you were ⚾️ at the 50-100 blind level with 3000 in chips, your True M would be 11.4. (As a matter of fact, ⚾️ it has only been in recent years that the blind levels of the main event of the WSOP have been ⚾️ reduced from their traditional 2-hour length. With 2-hour blind levels, as Harrington would have played throughout most of the years ⚾️ he has played the main event, his True M starting with this chip position would be 12.6.) Unfortunately, that’s still nowhere ⚾️ near the 20 rounds Harrington’s M gives you. True M Adjusts for Tournament Structure Note that in each of these tournaments, 20 ⚾️ M means something very different as a survival indicator. True M shows that the survival equivalent of 3000 in chips ⚾️ at the same blind level can range from 3.9 rounds (39 hands) to 12.6 (126 hands), depending solely on the ⚾️ length of the blinds. Furthermore, even within the same blind level of the same tournament, True M can have different values, ⚾️ depending on how deep you are into that blind level. For example, what if you have 3000 in chips but ⚾️ instead of being at the very start of that 50-100 blind level (assuming 60-minute levels), you are somewhere in the ⚾️ middle of it, so that although the blinds are currently 50-100, the blinds will go up to the 100-200 level ⚾️ before you go through them three more times? Does this change your True M? It most certainly does. That True M ⚾️ of 9 in this tournament, as demonstrated above, only pertains to your chip position at the 50-100 blind level if ⚾️ you will be going through those 50-100 blinds three times before the next level. If you’ve already gone through those ⚾️ blinds at that level one or more times, then your True M will not be 9, but will range from ⚾️ 6.4 to 8.1, depending on how deep into the 50-100 blind level you are. Most important, if you are under the ⚾️ mistaken impression that at any point in the 50-100 blind level in any of the tournaments described above, 3000 in ⚾️ chips is sufficient to go through 20 rounds of play (200 hands), you are way off the mark. What Harrington ⚾️ says “M tells you,” is not at all what M tells you. If you actually stopped and calculated True M, ⚾️ as defined above, then True M would tell you what Harrington’s M purports to tell you. And if it really is ⚾️ important for you to know how many times you can go through the blinds before you are blinded off, then ⚾️ why not at least figure out the number accurately? M, as described in Harrington’s book, is simply woefully inadequate at ⚾️ performing this function. If Harrington had actually realized that his M was not an accurate survival indicator, and he had stopped ⚾️ and calculated True M for a variety of tournaments, would he still be advising you to employ the same starting ⚾️ hand standards and playing strategies at a True M of 3.9 (with 39 hands before blind-off) that you would be ⚾️ employing at a True M of 12.6 (with 126 hands before blind-off)? If he believes that a player with 20 M ⚾️ has 20 rounds of play to wait for a good hand before he is blinded off (and again, 20 rounds ⚾️ at a ten-player table would be 200 hands), then his assessment of your likelihood of getting “…a better hand in ⚾️ a better situation, with a reasonable amount of money left,” would be quite different than if he realized that his ⚾️ True M was 9 (90 hands remaining till blind-off), or in a faster blind structure, as low as 3.9 (only ⚾️ 39 hands remaining until blind-off). Those radically different blind-off times would drastically alter the frequencies of occurrence of the premium starting ⚾️ hands, and aren’t the likelihood of getting those hands what his M theory and strategy are based on? A Blackjack Analogy For ⚾️ blackjack players—and I know a lot of my readers come from the world of blackjack card counting—Harrington’s M might best ⚾️ be compared to the “running count.” If I am using a traditional balanced card counting system at a casino blackjack ⚾️ table, and I make my playing and betting decisions according to my running count, I will often be playing incorrectly, ⚾️ because the structure of the game—the number of decks in play and the number of cards that have already been ⚾️ dealt since the last shuffle—must be taken into account in order for me to adjust my running count to a ⚾️ “true” count. A +6 running count in a single-deck game means something entirely different from a +6 running count in a ⚾️ six-deck shoe game. And even within the same game, a +6 running count at the beginning of the deck or ⚾️ shoe means something different from a +6 running count toward the end of the deck or shoe. Professional blackjack players adjust ⚾️ their running count to the true count to estimate their advantage accurately and make their strategy decisions accordingly. The unadjusted ⚾️ running count cannot do this with any accuracy. Harrington’s M could be considered a kind of Running M, which must ⚾️ be adjusted to a True M in order for it to have any validity as a survival gauge. When Harrington’s Running ⚾️ M Is Occasionally Correct Harrington’s Running M can “accidentally” become correct without a True M adjustment when a player is very ⚾️ short-stacked in a tournament with lengthy blind levels. For example, if a player has an M of 4 or 5 ⚾️ in a tournament with 2-hour blind levels, then in the early rounds of that blind level, since he could expect ⚾️ to go through the same blind costs 4 or 5 times, Harrington’s unadjusted M would be the same as True ⚾️ M. This might also occur when the game is short-handed, since players will be going through the blinds more frequently. (This ⚾️ same thing happens in blackjack games where the running count equals the true count at specific points in the deal. ⚾️ For example, if a blackjack player is using a count-per-deck adjustment in a six-deck game, then when the dealer is ⚾️ down to the last deck in play, the running count will equal the true count.) In rare situations like these, where ⚾️ Running M equals True M, Harrington’s “red zone” strategies may be correct—not because Harrington was correct in his application of ⚾️ M, but because of the tournament structure and the player’s poor chip position at that point. In tournaments with 60-minute blind ⚾️ levels, this type of “Running M = True M” situation could only occur at a full table when a player’s ⚾️ M is 3 or less. And in fast tournaments with 15 or 20-minute blind levels, Harrington’s M could only equal ⚾️ True M when a player’s M = 1 or less. Harrington’s yellow and orange zone strategies, however, will always be pretty ⚾️ worthless, even in the slowest tournaments, because there are no tournaments with blind levels that last long enough to require ⚾️ no True M adjustments. Why Harrington’s Strategies Can’t Be Said to Adjust Automatically for True M Some Harrington supporters may wish to ⚾️ make a case that Dan Harrington made some kind of automatic adjustment for approximate True M in devising his yellow ⚾️ and orange zone strategies. But in HOH II, he clearly states that M tells you how many rounds of the ⚾️ table you will survive—period. In order to select which hands a player should play in these zones, based on the likelihood ⚾️ of better hands occurring while the player still has a reasonable chip stack, it was necessary for Harrington to specify ⚾️ some number of rounds in order to develop a table of the frequencies of occurrence of the starting hands. His ⚾️ book tells us that he assumes an M of 20 simply means 20 rounds remaining—which we know is wrong for ⚾️ all real-world tournaments. But for those who wish to make a case that Harrington made some kind of a True M ⚾️ adjustment that he elected not to inform us about, my answer is that it’s impossible that whatever adjustment he used ⚾️ would be even close to accurate for all tournaments and blind structures. If, for example, he assumed 20 M meant ⚾️ a True M of 12, and he developed his starting-hand frequency charts with this assumption, then his strategies would be ⚾️ fairly accurate for the slowest blind structures we find in major events. But they would still be very wrong for ⚾️ the faster blind structures we find in events with smaller buy-ins and in most online tournaments. In HOH II, he does ⚾️ provide quite a few sample hands from online tournaments, with no mention whatsoever of the blind structures of these events, ⚾️ but 15-minute blind levels are less common online than 5-, 8-, and 12-minute blind levels. Thus, we are forced to ⚾️ believe that what Mason Malmuth claims is true: that Harrington considers his strategies correct for tournaments of all speeds. So ⚾️ it is doubtful that he made any True M adjustments, even for slower tournament structures. Simply put, Harrington is oblivious ⚾️ to the true mathematics of M. Simplifying True M for Real-Life Tournament Strategy If all poker tournaments had the same blind structure, ⚾️ then we could just memorize chart data that would indicate True M with any chip stack at any point in ⚾️ any blind level. Unfortunately, there are almost as many blind structures as there are tournaments. There are ways, however, that Harrington’s ⚾️ Running M could be adjusted to an approximate True M without literally figuring out the exact cost of each blind ⚾️ level at every point in the tournament. With 90-minute blind levels, after dividing your chip stack by the cost of ⚾️ a round, simply divide your Running M by two, and you’ll have a reasonable approximation of your True M. With 60-minute ⚾️ blind levels, take about 40% of the Running M. With 30-minute blind levels, divide the Running M by three. And ⚾️ with 15- or 20-minute blind levels, divide the Running M by five. These will be far from perfect adjustments, but ⚾️ they will be much closer to reality than Harrington’s unadjusted Running M numbers. Do Tournament Players Need to Know Their “True ⚾️ M”? Am I suggesting that poker tournament players should start estimating their True M, instead of the Running M that Harrington ⚾️ proposes? No, because I disagree with Harrington’s emphasis on survival and basing so much of your play on your cards. ⚾️ I just want to make it clear that M, as defined and described by Harrington in HOH II, is wrong, ⚾️ a bad measure of what it purports and aims to measure. It is based on an error in logic, in ⚾️ which a crucial factor in the formula—tournament structure—is ignored (the same error that David Sklansky and Mason Malmuth have made ⚾️ continually in their writings and analyses of tournaments.) Although it would be possible for a player to correct Harrington’s mistake by ⚾️ estimating his True M at any point in a tournament, I don’t advise it. Admittedly, it’s a pain in the ⚾️ ass trying to calculate True M exactly, not something most players could do quickly and easily at the tables. But ⚾️ that’s not the reason I think True M should be ignored. The reason is related to the overarching difference between Harrington’s ⚾️ strategies and mine, which I mentioned at the beginning of this article. That is: It’s a grave error for tournament ⚾️ players to focus on how long they can survive if they just sit and wait for premium cards. That’s not ⚾️ what tournaments are about. It’s a matter of perspective. When you look at your stack size, you shouldn’t be thinking, ⚾️ “How long can I survive?” but, “How much of a threat do I pose to my opponents?” The whole concept of ⚾️ M is geared to the player who is tight and conservative, waiting for premium hands (or premium enough at that ⚾️ point). Harrington’s strategy is overly focused on cards as the primary pot entering factor, as opposed to entering pots based ⚾️ predominately (or purely) on position, chip stack, and opponent(s). In The Poker Tournament Formula, I suggest that players assess their chip ⚾️ position by considering their chip stacks as a simple multiple of the current big blind. If you have 3000 in ⚾️ chips, and the big blind is 100, then you have 30 big blinds. This number, 30, tells you nothing about ⚾️ how many rounds you can survive if you don’t enter any pots. But frankly, that doesn’t matter. What matters in ⚾️ a tournament is that you have sufficient chips to employ your full range of skills, and—just as important—that you have ⚾️ sufficient chips to threaten your opponents with a raise, and an all-in raise if that is what you need for ⚾️ the threat to be successful to win you the pot. Your ability to to be a threat is directly related to ⚾️ the health of your chip stack in relation to the current betting level, which is most strongly influenced by the ⚾️ size of the blinds. In my PTF strategy, tournaments are not so much about survival as they are about stealing ⚾️ pots. If you’re going to depend on surviving until you get premium cards to get you to the final table, ⚾️ you’re going to see very few final tables. You must outplay your opponents with the cards you are dealt, not ⚾️ wait and hope for cards that are superior to theirs. I’m not suggesting that you ignore the size of the preflop ⚾️ pot and focus all of your attention on the size of the big blind. You should always total the chips ⚾️ in the pot preflop, but not because you want to know how long you can survive if you sit there ⚾️ waiting for your miracle cards. You simply need to know the size of the preflop pot so you can make ⚾️ your betting and playing decisions, both pre- and post-flop, based on all of the factors in the current hand. What other ⚾️ players, if any have entered the pot? Is this a pot you can steal if you don’t have a viable ⚾️ hand? Is this pot worth the risk of an attempted steal? If you have a drawing hand, do you have ⚾️ the odds to call, or are you giving an opponent the odds to call? Are any of your opponent(s) pot-committed? ⚾️ Do you have sufficient chips to play a speculative hand for this pot? There are dozens of reasons why you ⚾️ need to know the size of a pot you are considering getting involved in, but M is not a factor ⚾️ in any of these decisions. So, again, although you will always be totaling the chips in the pot in order to ⚾️ make betting and playing decisions, sitting there and estimating your blind-off time by dividing your chip stack by the total ⚾️ chips in the preflop pot is an exercise in futility. It has absolutely nothing to do with your actual chances ⚾️ of survival. You shouldn’t even be thinking in terms of survival, but of domination. Harrington on Hold’em II versus The Poker ⚾️ Tournament Formula: A Sample Situation Let’s say the blinds are 100-200, and you have 4000 in chips. Harrington would have you ⚾️ thinking that your M is 13 (yellow zone), and he advises: “…you have to switch to smallball moves: get in, ⚾️ win the pot, but get out when you encounter resistance.” (HOH II, p. 136) In The Poker Tournament Formula basic strategy ⚾️ for fast tournaments (PTF p. 158), I categorize this chip stack equal to 20 big blinds as “very short,” and ⚾️ my advice is: “…you must face the fact that you are not all that far from the exit door. But ⚾️ you still have enough chips to scare any player who does not have a really big chip stack and/or a ⚾️ really strong hand. Two things are important when you are this short on chips. One is that unless you have ⚾️ an all-in raising hand as defined below, do not enter any pot unless you are the first in. And second, ⚾️ any bet when you are this short will always be all-in.” The fact is, you don’t have enough chips for “smallball” ⚾️ when you’re this short on chips in a fast tournament, and one of the most profitable moves you can make ⚾️ is picking on Harrington-type players who think it’s time for smallball. Harrington sees this yellow zone player as still having 13 ⚾️ rounds of play (130 hands, which is a big overestimation resulting from his failure to adjust to True M) to ⚾️ look for a pretty decent hand to get involved with. My thinking in a fast tournament, by contrast, would be: ⚾️ “The blinds are now 100-200. By the time they get around to me fifteen minutes from now, they will be ⚾️ 200-400. If I don’t make a move before the blinds get around to me, and I have to go through ⚾️ those blinds, my 4000 will become 3400, and the chip position I’m in right now, which is having a stack ⚾️ equal to 20 times the big blind, will be reduced to a stack of only 8.5 times the big blind. ⚾️ Right now, my chip stack is scary. Ten to fifteen minutes from now (in 7-8 hands), any legitimate hand will ⚾️ call me down.” So, my advice to players this short on chips in a fast tournament is to raise all-in with ⚾️ any two cards from any late position seat in an unopened pot. My raising hands from earlier positions include all ⚾️ pairs higher than 66, and pretty much any two high cards. And my advice with these hands is to raise ⚾️ or reraise all-in, including calling any all-ins. You need a double-up so badly here that you simply must take big ⚾️ risks. As per The Poker Tournament Formula (p. 159): “When you’re this short on chips you must take risks, because ⚾️ the risk of tournament death is greater if you don’t play than if you do.” There is also a side effect ⚾️ of using a loose aggressive strategy when you have enough chips to hurt your opponents, and that is that you ⚾️ build an image of a player who is not to be messed with, and that is always the preferred image ⚾️ to have in any no-limit hold’em tournament. But while Harrington sees this player surviving for another 13 rounds of play, ⚾️ the reality is that he will survive fewer than 4 more rounds in a fast tournament, and within two rounds ⚾️ he will be so short-stacked that he will be unable to scare anybody out of a pot, and even a ⚾️ double-up will not get him anywhere near a competitive chip stack. The Good News for Poker Tournament Players The good news for ⚾️ poker tournament players is that Harrington’s books have become so popular, and his M theory so widely accepted as valid ⚾️ by many players and “experts” alike, that today’s NLH tournaments are overrun with his disciples playing the same tight, conservative ⚾️ style through the early green zone blind levels, then predictably entering pots with more marginal hands as their M diminishes—which ⚾️ their early tight play almost always guarantees. And, though many of the top players know that looser, more aggressive play ⚾️ is what’s getting them to the final tables, I doubt that Harrington’s misguided advice will be abandoned by the masses ⚾️ any time soon. In a recent issue of Card Player magazine (March 28, 2007), columnist Steve Zolotow reviewed The Poker Tournament ⚾️ Formula, stating: “Snyder originates a complicated formula for determining the speed of a tournament, which he calls the patience factor. ⚾️ Dan Harrington’s discussion of M and my columns on CPR cover this same material, but much more accurately. Your strategy ⚾️ should be based not upon the speed of the tournament as a whole, but on your current chip position in ⚾️ relation to current blinds. If your M (the number of rounds you can survive without playing a hand) is 20, ⚾️ you should base your strategy primarily on that fact. Whether the blinds will double and reduce your M to 10 ⚾️ in 15 minutes or four hours should not have much influence on your strategic decisions.” Zolotow’s “CPR” articles were simply a ⚾️ couple of columns he wrote last year in which he did nothing but explain Harrington’s M theory, as if it ⚾️ were 100% correct. He added nothing to the theory of M, and is clearly as ignorant of the math as ⚾️ Harrington is. So money-making opportunities in poker tournaments continue to abound. In any case, I want to thank SlackerInc for posting a ⚾️ question on our poker discussion forum, in which he pointed out many of the key differences between Harrington’s short-stack strategies ⚾️ and those in The Poker Tournament Formula. He wanted to know why our pot-entering strategies were so far apart. The answer ⚾️ is that the strategies in my book are specifically identified as strategies for fast tournaments of a specific speed, so ⚾️ my assumptions, based on a player’s current chip stack, would usually be that the player is about five times more ⚾️ desperate than Harrington would see him (his Running M of 20 being roughly equivalent to my True M of about ⚾️ 4). ♠
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